THE PAPER OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
THE PAPER OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
THE
SURFACE HEALTHY IN INDONESIA
COMPLIED BY :
MUH. KHUWALID HAKIM NPP. 30. 1197
POPULATION
AND CIVIL REGISTRATION STUDY PROGRAM
GOVERNANCE
LAW FACULTY
GOVERNMENT
INSTITUTE OF HOME AFFAIRS
2020
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Issue
Background
Health is a necessity of life that is
very important in supporting daily activities. Humans make various efforts in
order to realize a healthy life. Article 47 of Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning
Health refers to health policies that are supported by promotive, preventive,
curative, and rehabilitation which are carried out completely, completely, and
sustainably. Promotive health service is an activity or activities of health
service that prioritizes activities that promote activities.
Health services when planning to discuss
and deal with diseases, including medical services carried out on the basis of
individual relationships between doctors and patients who need recovery. In the
relationship between the doctor and the patient a therapeutic transaction means
that each party has rights and obligations. Doctors are obliged to provide
approved-approved medical services for patients. This media service can enforce
the diagnosis correctly according to procedures, provide therapy, perform
medical procedures according to medical service standards, and provide
reasonable actions that are needed for the healing of patients. The maximum
effort made by this doctor is an effort so that patients can obtain the
expected rights from the transaction, namely healing or restoring health.
Health services are a basic right of the
community that must be resolved in health development.
1.2 Problem
Identification
From
the background of the problem that the writer described, there were many
debates that I got. These problems include:
1.
What is the meaning of health services?
2.
What are the goals of health services?
3.
What are the forms of health services?
4.
What factors influence health services?
5.
What are the main health service requirements?
6.
What are the rules that govern health services?
7.
What are the basic problems regarding health services in Indonesia?
8.
What is the government's policy on health service issues?
1.3 Purpose
Of The Paper
The
purpose of making this paper is as follows:
1.
Knowing the meaning, purpose and form of health services.
2.
Knowing the factors that influence health services.
3.
Know the main health service requirements.
4.
Know the rules that govern health services.
5.
Know the basic problems about health services in Indonesia.
6.
Knowing government policies on health service issues.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1
Definition of Health Services
The health services according
to experts are:
1. According
to Prof. Dr. Soekidjo Notoatmojo
Health
service is a sub-system of health services whose main purpose is preventive
(preventive) and promotive (health-promoting) services targeting the community.
2. According
to Levey and Loomba (1973)
Health
Services Are efforts that are carried out alone or jointly in an organization
to maintain and improve health, prevent and heal illnesses and restore the
health of individuals, families, groups, or communities.
3. According
to Azrul Azwar (1996)
Health
service is every effort carried out jointly in an organization to maintain and
improve health, prevent and cure diseases and restore the health of
individuals, families, groups and or communities.
Based on the definitions
above, we conclude that health service is a sub-system of health services whose
main purpose is to promote, preventive, curative, and rehabilitate the health
of individuals, families, groups or communities, the environment.
2.2 Purpose of Health Services
a.
In the field of
promotion, namely maintaining and improving health. This is needed, for example
in improving nutrition, improving environmental sanitation.
b.
In the field of
prevention, namely prevention of people at risk of disease. Which consists of:
1.
Primary
preventive. Consists of educational programs, such as immunization, provision
of good nutrition, and physical freshness.
2.
Secondary
Preventive. It consists of treating the disease at an early stage to limit
disability by avoiding the consequences arising from the development of the
disease.
3.
Tertiary
Preventive. Making diagnostics is intended to carry out rehabilitation
measures, making diagnoses and treatment.
c.
Curative, namely
healing the disease.
d.
Rehabilitation,
namely recovery. A person's recovery effort to achieve normal or near normal
function after experiencing physical or mental illness, injury or abuse.
2.3.
Forms of Health Services Based on Levels
a. First-rate
health services
Needed
for mildly ill people and healthy people to improve their health or health
promotion. For example: Puskesmas, mobile Puskesmas, clinics.
b. Second
level health services
Needed
for groups of people who need inpatient care, which can not be requested by
primary health services. Examples are Hospital Type C and Hospital Type D.
c. Third
level health services (tertiary health services)
Needed
for community groups or groups that can no longer be assisted by secondary health
services. Examples are type A hospitals and type B. Hospitals.
2.4
Factors Affecting Health Services
According to WHO (1984) in Juanita
(1998):
a. Thoughts and feelings. In the form of
knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, beliefs and judgments of someone against the
object, in this case the object of health.
b. Important
People References. Personal reference.
c. Resources. Includes facilities, money, time,
energy, and so on. Resources also support the behavior of individuals or
community groups in utilizing health services. This influence can be positive
and negative.
d. Culture. Forms the norms that exist in
society in discussions with the concept of healthy sick.
2.5
Basic Requirements for Health Services
Azwar (1999) explains that a health
service must have a variety of basic requirements, namely: the basic
requirements that affect the community in determining their choice of using
health services in this case the puskesmas, namely:
a.
Availability and continuity of service
Good services are health services available in the community (acceptable) and
sustainable (sustainable). This means that all types of health services needed
by the community are found and their presence in the community is there at any
time needed.
b.
Fairness and community acceptance Good
health services are reasonable and acceptable to the community. This means that
health services can overcome health problems encountered, do not conflict with
customs, culture, beliefs and beliefs of the community, and are not fair, is
not a state of good health services.
c.
Easily reached by the community The
definition achieved is meant here especially from the point of view of the
location easily accessible by the community, so the distribution of health
facilities becomes very important. Coverage of supporting facilities to
determine effective requests. If the facility is easily accessible by using
available transportation, this facility will be widely used. Past user levels
and trends are the best indicators of long and short-term changes in future
demand.
d.
Affordable Good health services are
affordable services by the community, where the cost of the services is pursued
in accordance with the economic capacity of the community. Expensive health
services may only be enjoyed by some people.
e.
Quality Quality or quality that shows
the level of perfection of health services carried out and shows cure of
diseases and safety measures that can satisfy the users of services that are in
accordance with established standards.
2.6
Regulations Regarding Health Services
In the Indonesian health service legislation
is very optimal and includes all health services. In Law No. 23 of 1992 stated
that Health is a prosperous state of body, soul, and social that allows
everyone to live productively socially and economically. Everyone has the same
right to obtain optimal health status.
Health factors are important things that
must be considered in everyday life, with a healthy body it will be more
comfortable in doing activities. Public health services are health services
that are included in the public health group characterized by the way that they
are organized together in an organization. Its main purpose is to maintain and
improve health and prevent disease, and its targets for groups and society.
Health services in Indonesia are still far
from what was expected, because there are still many health services that do
not comply with the regulations that have occurred lately. In such conditions,
consumers generally do not care or have no awareness about health. For example,
there are still many health care workers who ignore the safety of consumers or
patients for certain reasons.
Because of limited knowledge and ability to
obtain information, consumers often overlook that health is important. Despite
this, the government is very concerned that the available health services are
used properly. To realize this, there needs to be an effective system of
regulation, guidance and supervision in the field of health services. In this
regard the government established rules in the field of health services,
including the following:
a.
Law No.8 of 1999 concerning Consumer
Protection, which is stated in article 4 paragraph 1, namely the right to comfort,
security and safety in consuming goods and / or services. and article 8
paragraph (1).
b.
Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health,
which is explained in article 5 paragraph (1), (2) and (3).
c.
Law No. 23 of 1992 concerning Health, in
fact emphasized that the Government is authorized to conduct guidance and
supervision of all activities related to health management efforts.
d.
Republic of Indonesia Presidential
Regulation No.12 of 2013 concerning Health Insurance.
e.
Decree of the Minister of Industry and
Trade of the Republic of Indonesia No. 634 of 2002 the fourth part regulates
the Withdrawal of Goods.
The
Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia once made a very sharp
criticism of the advertisement of medicines circulating in the community,
especially those that were aired on television. according to him, all the
advertisements were misleading. In order to carry out such supervision,
specifically related to advertising, a Joint Minister of Health and Information
Minister's Decree (No. 252 / Menkes / SKB / VIII / 80 and No. 122 / Kep /
Menpen / 1980) were issued regarding the control and supervision of Drug, Food
Advertisements , Beverages, Cosmetics, and Medical Devices (OMKA).
2.7 Basic
Problems of Indonesian Health Services
Health service is every effort carried
out jointly in an organization to maintain and improve health, prevent and cure
illnesses and restore the health of individuals, families, groups and or
communities.
Health care is a basic right of the
people that must be fulfilled in health development. It must be seen as an
investment to improve the quality of human resources and support economic
development, and has an important role in poverty reduction efforts.
Based on the author's perspective
in the last ten years many health service issues include:
a.
Disparity in health status
The main problems of health services at
present include the high disparity in health status between socio-economic
levels, between regions, and between urban and rural areas. In general, the
health status of populations with high socioeconomic levels, in western
Indonesia, and in urban areas, tends to be better. Conversely, the health
status of the population with low socioeconomic status, in eastern Indonesia
and in rural areas is still lagging behind.
Nationally, public health status has
improved. However, the disparity in health status between the able population
and the poor population is still quite large. Various data show that the health
status of poor people is lower when compared to rich people. This can be seen,
among others, from the high infant mortality rate and infant mortality rate in
the poor population group.
b.
Double burden of disease
Not yet topped the infectious diseases
suffered by the community such as pulmonary tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections
(ARI), malaria, and diarrhea, as well as the re-emergence of polio and bird
flu. However, at the same time there was an increase in non-communicable
diseases such as heart and blood vessel disease, as well as diabetes mellitus
and cancer.
c.
Quality, equity and affordability of
health services
Quality of service is an obstacle because
medical personnel are very limited and inadequate equipment. In terms of
numbers, the ratio of health workers to the number of people that must be
served is still low. The affordability of services is closely related to the
number and equity of health facilities. For every 100,000 population there are
only 3.5 Puskesmas. Even then, some of the population, especially those living
in remote areas, did not use the Puskesmas because of limited transportation
facilities and geographical constraints.
d.
Protection of the community in the field
of medicine and food
Community protection in the fields of
medicine and food is still low. In the era of free trade, public health
conditions are increasingly vulnerable due to the increasing possibility of
consumption of drugs and foods that do not meet quality and safety
requirements. Availability, quality, drug safety, and health supplies are still
not optimal and cannot be easily reached by the community. In addition,
original Indonesian medicine (OAI) has not been fully developed even though its
potential is enormous.
e.
Clean and healthy life behavior
Community behavior also often does not support clean and healthy living.
This can be seen from the widespread
smoking habit, the low level of breastfeeding exclusively (ASI), the high
prevalence of undernutrition and over nutrition in children under five, and the
tendency of increasing numbers of people with HIV / AIDS, sufferers of narcotics,
psychotropic, addictive substances (Drug) , and accidental deaths.
f.
Malnutrition problems Health problems
that have caused considerable public attention lately are problems with
malnutrition and malnutrition. The emergence of this malnutrition event is an
"iceberg phenomenon" which shows that the problem of malnutrition
that arises is only a small part of the actual malnutrition problem. So there
are three main factors causing these malnutrition is :
1)
Low consumption of energy and protein in
daily food and occurs over a long period of time.
2)
Repeated infectious diseases occur.
3)
Lack of health services in providing
counseling about nutrition issues.
These
three factors are caused by three things indirectly, namely low food
availability at the family level; mother's parenting in inadequate child care;
and limited availability of clean water, sanitation facilities and basic health
services. The indirect cause is a consequence of the main problems in society,
namely high unemployment, high poverty, and lack of food.
g.
Unequal distribution and distribution of
health workers.
Indonesia is currently experiencing
shortages in almost all types of health workers needed. For example, per
100,000 new residents can be served by 7.7 general practitioners, 2.7 dentists,
3.0 specialist doctors, and 8.0 midwives. For public health workers, per
100,000 new residents can be served by 0.5 public health graduates; 1.7
pharmacists; 6.6 nutritionists; 0.1 epidemiologist; and 4.7 sanitation workers.
The current condition of health workers is not much different from before
because the education system still cannot produce sufficient numbers of health
workers and good quality of health workers, and the recruitment system and
incentive patterns for health workers are less than optimal. In addition, the
number and distribution of community health workers is still inadequate so many
puskesmas do not have doctors and community health workers. This limitation is
exacerbated by the uneven distribution of health workers. For example, more
than two-thirds of specialist doctors are in urban areas than in rural areas.
The quality of health workers also still
needs to be improved. At present, for example, there are still many puskesmas
that do not have general practitioners. As a result, many puskesmas, especially
in remote areas, are only served by nurses or other health workers. For
example, in rural areas there are still many residents (29.8 percent) who have
to wait half to one hour to get outpatient health services. Some of the
community 8.1 percent said they were less or not satisfied with health services
and 33.21 percent said they were quite satisfied.
2.8 Government
Policy
To overcome various health
problems, the government policy in dealing with health service issues:
1) Increasing
efforts to maintain, protect and improve health status and nutritional status
especially for the poor and vulnerable groups.
2) Increasing
efforts to prevent and cure infectious and non-communicable diseases.
3) Improving
the quality, affordability, and equity of health services in primary and
referral health service facilities, especially for poor families, vulnerable
groups and residents in remote, border, disaster and conflict prone areas.
4) Increasing
the quality and quantity of health workers, especially for health services in
remote, disadvantaged and border areas.
5) Quality
assurance, safety and efficacy of medicinal products, cosmetics, complement
products, and food products in circulation, as well as preventing the public
from abuse of drugs, narcotics, psychotropic substances, addictive substances,
and other dangerous substances.
6) Increasing
health promotion and community empowerment in clean and healthy living
behavior.
7) Improving
Equitable and Affordable Health Services
CHAPTER III
FINAL
3.1 Conclusion
The conclusions of this paper are:
a.
Health service is a health service
sub-system with the main objectives being promotive, preventive, curative, and
rehabilitation of individual, family, group or community, environmental health.
b.
Various important problems in health
services, including health status disparities; double burden of disease;
quality, equity and affordability of health services; community protection in
the field of medicine and food; and clean and healthy life behavior.
c.
Government policies in dealing with
health service issues, namely increasing access to health free health services;
increased prevention and control of infectious diseases; improving the quality,
affordability and equity of basic health services; increasing the quality and
quantity of health workers; quality assurance, safety and efficacy of drugs and
food; and increasing health promotion and community empowerment.
3.2
Advice
To further improve health services
to the community both in rural and urban areas, the quality of health services and
the distribution of health workers in Indonesia must be further improved, to
achieve a healthy community free from various diseases.
REFERENCES
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